The chapter explores into the fundamental concepts that define organic agriculture. Organic farming is driven by health, ecological and ethical values aimed at promoting sustainability, biodiversity, and soil health. Essential to organic farming are the principles of natural input use, crop rotation, and composting, which aim to reduce dependance on synthetic chemicals while enhancing soil fertility. The chapter highlights how organic farming practices prioritize ecosystem equilibrium, nurturing the relationship between plants, animals, and the environment. Key principles discussed include soil management through organic matter enrichment, pest control through biological methods and water conservation. Moreover, the importance of genetic diversity and the use of locally adapted seeds are underscored to support flexibility against climate change. The chapter also emphasizes the ethical considerations in organic farming, focusing on social justice, animal welfare and fair labor practices. With the growing global demand for sustainable food systems, the chapter delivers understandings into how organic farming aligns with environmental stewardship and consumer health; while addressing challenges such as yield efficiency and market accessibility. The general approach in organic farming contributes to long-term agricultural sustainability and food security.
Water is one of the critical agricultural resources for crop growth, crop yield and livestock health. Suitable water management methods help farmers to conserve water, improve irrigation efficiency and reduces waste. Organic farmers highly depend on rainfall or ground water resource to water their crops as irrigation source. The available water resources for agriculture should be utilized very cautiously in the farm. In organic agriculture water in terms of soil moisture play major roles in plant nutrition. Growth and multiplication of microbes much rely on adequate soil moisture which could be achievable through efficient water management technologies. Micro irrigation has potential to apply bio inputs viz., panchagavya, amirthakaraisal, jeevamirtham etc., through irrigation which increase the microbial activity in soil and improve soil fertility eventually growth and yield of the crop under organic farming.
Crop rotation and diversification are pivotal practices in organic agriculture that enhance soil health, reduce pest and disease pressures, and promote biodiversity. This chapter delves into the principles and benefits of these practices, offering a comprehensive overview of their theoretical underpinnings, practical applications, and empirical evidence. Crop rotation involves systematically varying crops in a sequence to improve soil fertility and manage pests, while diversification encompasses growing multiple types of crops simultaneously or in rotation to bolster farm resilience. This chapter provides a detailed examination of these practices, including their impact on soil health, pest management, and economic stability, supported by tables and images illustrating their benefits and applications.
Precision agriculture (PA) is a technology-intensive farming strategy that uses precise management methods to capture land heterogeneity. It requires a Global Positioning System, sensors for monitoring soil moisture and nutrients, and geo-referenced maps. When implemented on a large scale, PA can improve productivity, increase resource savings, and reduce environmental impact. PA has the potential to solve food insecurity in underdeveloped nations and address various agricultural challenges. It is a sustainable farming method that integrates cutting-edge technologies and data-driven approaches, promoting efficiency, environmental stewardship, and economic viability.
Globally industrialization has put on pressure on the environment through contaminating the components of the environment. The issues related to these anthropogenic activities have caused numerous impacts affecting the life on the earth. One such pollutant is the heavy metals, being released into the environment through either industries or agricultural activities or urbanization (city refuse both liquid and solid) all contributing to heavy metal pollution. Many biological and metabolic systems in people may be disrupted by long-term consumption of heavy metals in hazardous amounts through diet. An in-depth analysis of the impact of harmful heavy metals on plants has been carried out by researchers throughout the world. The effects of microbial remediation and phytoremediation and their application to remove contaminants from metal polluted areas and highlighting the biotechnological approaches for heavy metal and metalloid concentration removal from the environment. Also, several novel research have been conducted using omics technologies to understand the genetic influences and underlying processes in plant heavy metal tolerance. The improvements in tolerance and metals accumulation in some plant species have been made possible by altering several heavy metals transporters. In order to prevent an excessive build-up of heavy metals in the body, it is advised that persons who reside in severely polluted metropolitan regions avoid eating significant quantities of these foods.
ISBN : 978-81-981855-1-8
