Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) is a viral disease affecting bovines caused by the Lumpy Skin Disease Virus (LSDV), a member of the Capripoxvirus genus. Initially endemic to Africa, LSD has expanded to the Middle East, Asia, and parts of Europe, primarily due to the spread of blood-feeding insect vectors, such as mosquitoes, flies, and ticks. The disease is characterized by fever, nodular skin lesions, and swollen lymph nodes, often resulting in reduced milk production, weight loss, and trade restrictions. Mortality rates are generally low, yet LSD causes significant economic losses due to decreased productivity and export limitations. The epidemiology of LSD is closely linked to environmental factors that support vector populations, with outbreaks peaking in warm, humid areas. Although all cattle breeds are susceptible, exotic high-yielding breeds often suffer more severe impacts than native cattle. Diagnosing LSD involves clinical examination and laboratory tests, primarily polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and serological assays, which help differentiate LSD from other similar diseases. Accurate and early diagnosis is crucial to controlling outbreaks. Prevention relies heavily on vaccination with live attenuated vaccines derived from Capripoxvirus, which offer effective immunity in endemic regions. Control measures include movement restrictions, quarantine, and vector control, such as insecticides and repellents, particularly in disease-free areas, to contain LSD spread. Ongoing surveillance and international collaboration are essential to manage LSD effectively, as the disease poses a substantial threat to global cattle industries.
Heart disease in dogs is a significant health issue that often goes unnoticed, especially in India, where there may be limited awareness and resources for diagnosis. Canine heart diseases fall into two main categories: congenital and acquired. Congenital heart diseases, which make up about 5% of cases, are typically seen in young dogs and are usually inherited structural issues. Some common examples include Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA), Subaortic Stenosis (SAS), Pulmonic Stenosis (PS), and Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). In contrast, acquired heart diseases are much more common, accounting for about 95% of cases. The most prevalent type among these is degenerative valvular disease, particularly in older, small-breed dogs. Other significant conditions include heartworm disease, dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in larger breeds, and degenerative mitral valve disease. Echocardiography has become an invaluable tool for diagnosing and managing these heart conditions. This article explores the classification, underlying mechanisms, breed predispositions, and clinical implications of various heart disorders in dogs. It highlights the importance of early detection and thorough veterinary cardiac care to enhance the health and well-being of affected dogs.
ISBN : 978-81-973154-5-9
