Editorial Book

Book Title: Handbook of Plant Breeding

OPEN ACCESS | Published on : 27-Jul-2026 | Pages: 91-137 | Doi : 10.37446/edibook152024/91-137

Mungbean and Urdbean Breeding

• Parul Sharma
• Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India.


• Shreya Vashisht
• Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India.


• Bhawandeep Kaur
• Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India.


• Dikshita Saikia
• Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India.


• Asmita Sirari
• Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India.


• Ashok Kumar
• RRS Gurdaspur, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India.


• R K Gill
• Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India.


• B.S. Gill
• Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India.


• Inderjit Singh
• Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India.


• Sarvjeet Singh
• Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India.

Abstract

Mungbean (Vigna radiata) and urdbean (Vigna mungo) are important pulse crops widely cultivated in India and other Asian countries due to their high protein content, short growth duration, adaptability, and suitability for diverse cropping systems. Besides contributing to food and nutritional security, they improve soil fertility through biological nitrogen fixation and are extensively used in intercropping and rice-fallow systems. Both crops originated in the Indian subcontinent and belong to the family Fabaceae. They are self-pollinated diploid species (2n = 22) with seeds containing 22–28% protein along with essential carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins, and bioactive compounds. Conserved germplasm and wild relatives provide valuable genetic resources for improving resistance to diseases, insect pests, and abiotic stresses. Breeding efforts focus on developing high-yielding, early-maturing, climate-resilient cultivars with improved nutritional quality, desirable plant architecture, lodging and pod shattering resistance, and suitability for mechanized harvesting. Major breeding targets include resistance to yellow mosaic disease, powdery mildew, Cercospora leaf spot, anthracnose, bruchids, stem fly, and tolerance to drought, heat, salinity, cold, and waterlogging. Recent advances in genomics, molecular breeding, marker-assisted selection, genome-wide association studies, genomic selection, CRISPR/Cas genome editing, and high-throughput phenotyping have accelerated crop improvement. Integrating these approaches with conventional breeding will facilitate the development of high-yielding, nutritionally superior, and climate-smart cultivars to ensure sustainable pulse production and food security.

Keywords

DNA markers, MAS, Plant Breeding, Crop Improvement, Underutilized crop

References

Ahmed, S. (2009). Effect of soil salinity on the yield and yield components of mungbean. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 41(1), 263–268.

Ahmed, S., Nawata, E., & Sakuratani, T. (2002). Effects of waterlogging at vegetative and reproductive growth stages on photosynthesis, leaf water potential, and yield in mungbean. Plant Production Science, 5(2), 117–123. https://doi.org/10.1626/pps.5.117

AppaRao, S., & Jana, M. K. (1973). Inheritance of anthocyanin coloration in Phaseolus mutants. Proceedings of the Indian Science Congress Association, 60, 302.

Arora, L., & Narula, A. (2017). Gene editing and crop improvement using CRISPR/Cas9 system. Frontiers in Plant Science, 8, Article 1932. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.01932

Aski, M. S., Rai, N., Reddy, V. R. P., Gayacharan, Dikshit, H. K., Mishra, G. P., Singh, D., Kumar, A., Pandey, R., Singh, M. P., Pratap, A., Nair, R. M., & Schafleitner, R. (2021). Assessment of root phenotypes in mungbean mini-core collection (MMC) from the World Vegetable Center (AVRDC), Taiwan. PLOS ONE, 16(3), e0247810. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247810

AVRDC. (1979). AVRDC progress report for 1978. Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center.

AVRDC. (1981a). Progress report, 1979 (pp. 42–55). Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center.

AVRDC. (1981b). Progress report, 1980 (pp. 40–50). Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center.

Baroowa, B., Gogoi, N., & Farooq, M. (2016). Changes in physiological, biochemical and antioxidant enzyme activities of green gram (Vigna radiata L.) genotypes under drought. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 38(9), Article 219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-016-2233-0

Basak, J., Kundagrami, S., Ghose, T. K., & Pal, A. (2004). Development of a SCAR marker linked to a MYMV resistance gene in mungbean. Genome, 47, 1152–1156.

Bashir, M., Ahmad, Z., & Mansoor, S. (2005). Studies on inheritance of resistance to urdbean leaf crinkle disease in blackgram. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 37, 51–58.

Basu, P. S., Pratap, A., Gupta, S., Sharma, K., Tomar, R., & Singh, N. P. (2019). Physiological traits for shortening crop duration and improving productivity of greengram (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) under high temperature. Frontiers in Plant Science, 10, Article 1508. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.01508

Bhanu, A. N., Singh, M. N., & Srivastava, K. (2018). Crossability studies of interspecific hybridization among Vigna species. Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research, 2(5).

Bhattacharjee, S. (2024). Breeding for biotic stress in urdbean through genomics-enabled strategies. In A. K. Parihar, A. Bohra, A. Lamichaney, R. Mishra, & R. K. Varshney (Eds.), Genomics-aided breeding strategies for biotic stress in grain legumes.

Bindra, S. (2016). Introgression of urdbean anthracnose resistance and yield components involving Vigna mungo × V. umbellata hybridization (Doctoral dissertation). Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya.

Bindumadhava, H., Sharma, L., Nair, R. M., Nayyar, H., Riley, J. J., & Easdown, W. (2018). High-temperature-tolerant mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) lines produce better yields when exposed to higher CO₂ levels. Journal of Crop Improvement, 32(3), 418–430. https://doi.org/10.1080/15427528.2018.1439132

Bisht, I. S., Bhat, K. V., Lakhanpaul, S., Biswas, B. K., Ram, B., & Tanwar, S. P. S. (2004). The potential of enhanced germplasm for mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) improvement. Plant Genetic Resources: Characterization and Utilization, 2(2), 73–80. https://doi.org/10.1079/PGR200433

Bose, R. D. (1939). Studies in Indian pulses. IX. Contribution to genetics of mung (Phaseolus radiatus Linn. syn. P. aureus Roxb.). Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 9, 607–624.
Cao, D., Li, H., Yi, J., Zhang, J., Che, H., Cao, J., Yang, L., Zhu, C., & Jiang, W. (2011). Antioxidant properties of the mungbean flavonoids on alleviating heat stress. PLOS ONE, 6(6), e21071. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0021071

Chaitieng, B., Kaga, A., Tomooka, N., Isemura, T., Kuroda, Y., & Vaughan, D. (2006). Development of a black gram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper) linkage map and its comparison with an azuki bean (Vigna angularis (Willd.) Ohwi & Ohashi) linkage map. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 113, 1261–1269.

Chandel, K. P. S., & Lester, R. N. (1991). Origin and evolution of Asiatic Vigna species. In Golden Jubilee Celebration Symposium on Grain Legumes (pp. 25–45). Indian Society of Genetics and Plant Breeding.

Chandel, K. P. S., Lester, R. N., & Starling, R. J. (1984). The wild ancestors of urd and mungbeans [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper and Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 89(1), 85–96.

Chandra, N., & Tickoo, J. L. (1998). Genetic analyses of protein content in mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek). Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding, 58(4), 475–478.

Chaudhary, S., Jha, U. C., Paul, P. J., Prasad, P. V. V., Sharma, K. D., Kumar, S., Gupta, D. S., Sharma, P., Singh, S., Siddique, K. H. M., & Nayyar, H. (2022). Assessing the heat sensitivity of urdbean (Vigna mungo L. Hepper) genotypes involving physiological, reproductive and yield traits under field and controlled environment. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13, Article 1042999. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.1042999

Chauhan, Y. S., & Williams, R. (2018). Physiological and agronomic strategies to increase mungbean yield in climatically variable environments of northern Australia. Agronomy, 8(6), Article 83. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy8060083

Chauhan, Y., Douglas, C., Rachaputi, R., Agius, P., Martin, W., King, K., & Skerman, A. (2010). Physiology of mungbean and development of the mungbean crop model. In Proceedings of the 1st Australian Summer Grains Conference. Australia.

Chen, H., & Liu, X. (2001). Inheritance of seed color and lustre in mungbean (Vigna radiata). Agricultural Science and Technology Hunan, 2, 8–12.

Chen, H., Wang, L., Wang, S., Liu, C., & Blair, M. W. (2015). Transcriptome sequencing of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) and identification of EST-SSR markers. PLOS ONE, 10(4), e0120273. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0120273

Chen, J., Somta, P., Chen, X., Cui, X., Yuan, X., & Srinives, P. (2016). Gene mapping of a mutant mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) using new molecular markers suggests a gene encoding a YUC4-like protein regulates the chasmogamous flower trait. Frontiers in Plant Science, 7, Article 830. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00830

Chen, K., & Gao, C. (2014). Targeted genome modification technologies and their applications in crop improvement. Plant Cell Reports, 33, 575–583. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-013-1539-6

Chhabra, A. K. (2006). A practical manual on floral biology of crop plants. Department of Plant Breeding, CCS Haryana Agricultural University.

Christy, B. P., Delahunty, A. J., Norton, S. L., Wallace, A. J., Riffkin, P. A., O'Leary, G. L., & Nuttall, J. G. (2022). New legume species as opportunistic summer crops for southern Australia—Part 1: Environmental suitability. In Proceedings of the 20th Agronomy Australia Conference. Australia.

Dana, S. (1998). Collection of wild Vigna in seven states in India. Green Journal, 1, 9.

Dana, S., & Karmarkar, P. G. (1990). Species relation in Vigna subgenus Ceratotropis and its implications in breeding. Plant Breeding Reviews, 8, 19–42.

Dasgupta, T., Banik, A., & Das, S. (1998). Combining ability in mungbean. Indian Journal of Pulses Research, 11, 28–32.

de Candolle, A. (1884). Origine des plantes cultivées. Nabu Press.

Du, B., et al. (2025). Genetic dissection of yield and yield-related traits in mungbean based on QTL meta-analysis. Frontiers in Genetics.

Durga, K. K., & Kumar, S. S. (1997). Screening for pre-harvest sprouting in pulses. Legume Research, 20, 193–197.

Dutta, P., & Bera, A. K. (2008). Screening of mungbean genotypes for drought tolerance. Legume Research, 31, 145–148.

Dutta, P., Bandopadhyay, P., & Bera, A. K. (2016). Identification of leaf-based physiological markers for drought susceptibility during early seedling development of mungbean. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 7, 1921–1936. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2016.714176

Dwivedi, S., & Singh, D. P. (1990). Inheritance of fasciation in mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek). Indian Journal of Genetics, 50, 80–82.

 Evans, A. M., Luse, R. A., & Rachie, K. O. (1976). Species hybridization in the genus Vigna. In Proceedings of the IITA Collaborators' Meeting on Grain Legume Improvement (pp. 31–34). International Institute of Tropical Agriculture.

Fakir, M. S. A., Mondal, M. M. A., Ismail, M. R., & Ashrafuzzaman, M. (2011). Flowering pattern and reproductive efficiency in mungbean. International Journal of Agriculture & Biology, 13(6), 966–970.

Fatokun, C. A., Danesh, D., & Young, N. D. (1993). Molecular taxonomic relationships in the genus Vigna based on RFLP analysis. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 86(1), 97–104.

Fatokun, C. A., Danesh, D., Menancio-Hautea, D. I., & Young, N. D. (1992). A linkage map of cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] based on DNA markers (2n = 22). In S. J. O'Brien (Ed.), Genome maps (pp. 6256–6258). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.

Fujita, K., & Okamoto, I. (2006). Agricultural policies and development of Myanmar's agricultural sector: An overview. Institute of Developing Economies (IDE-JETRO).

Garrity, D. P., & Pernito, R. (1996). Mungbean response to surface drainage when grown as a pre-rice crop on waterlog-prone rice lands. Agricultural Water Management, 29(3), 299–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-3774(95)01221-0

Gayacharan, Archak, S., Gupta, K., Gupta, V., Tyagi, V., & Singh, K. (2019). Mungbean genetic resources and utilization. In R. M. Nair & R. Schafleitner (Eds.), The mungbean genome. Springer.

Gayacharan, Parida, S. K., Mondal, N., Yadav, R., Vishwakarma, H., & Rana, J. C. (2023). Mining legume germplasm for genetic gains: An Indian perspective. Frontiers in Genetics, 14, Article 996828. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2023.996828

Gentry, J. (2010). Mungbean management guide (2nd ed.). Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation.

Goyal, S., & Khan, S. (2010). Induced mutagenesis in urdbean (Vigna mungo L. Hepper): A review. International Journal of Botany, 6, 194–206. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijb.2010.194.206

Gupta, D. S., Kumar, J., Parihar, A. K., & Gupta, S. (2020). Breeding for high-yielding and disease-resistant urdbean cultivars. In S. S. Gosal & S. H. Wani (Eds.), Accelerated plant breeding (Vol. 3). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47306-8_6

Gupta, D. S., Kumar, J., Parihar, A. K., Chandra, A., Sujayanand, G. K., & Gupta, S. (2022). Urdbean breeding. In D. K. Yadava, H. K. Dikshit, G. P. Mishra, & S. Tripathi (Eds.), Fundamentals of field crop breeding. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9257-4_23

Gupta, S. R., Singh, R. A., Gupta, S., & Dikshit, H. K. (2001). Variability and its characterization in Indian collections of blackgram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper). Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter, 20–24.

Gupta, S., & Kumar, S. (2006). Urd bean breeding. In M. Ali & S. Kumar (Eds.), Advances in mungbean and urdbean (pp. 149–168). Indian Institute of Pulses Research.

Gupta, S., Das, A., Pratap, A., & Gupta, D. S. (2021). Urdbean. In Beans and peas (pp. 33–54). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821450-3.00014-7

Gupta, S., Gupta, D. S., & Singh, B. B. (2008). Genetic variability and inheritance of protein content in blackgram (Vigna mungo). Indian Journal of Pulses Research, 21, 45–49.

Gupta, S., Souframanien, J., & Gopalakrishna, T. (2008). Construction of a genetic linkage map of black gram. Genome, 51, 628–637.

Gupta, V. P., & Singh, R. B. (1984). Inheritance of leaf morphology traits in blackgram (Vigna mungo). Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding, 44, 349–354.

Ha, Y. H., Cho, A., Kim, T. H., & Gil, H. Y. (2025). De novo assembly and characterization of Aria alnifolia chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes reveal homologous conformational changes mediated by repeat regions and gene transfer. BMC Genomics, 26(1), Article 730.

Haeften, V. S., Dudley, C., Kang, Y., Smith, D., Nair, R. M., Douglas, C. A., Potgieter, A., Robinson, H., Hickey, L. T., & Smith, M. R. (2023). Building a better mungbean: Breeding for reproductive resilience in a changing climate. Food and Energy Security, 12(6), e467. https://doi.org/10.1002/fes3.467

Hanif, A., & Wahid, A. (2018). Seed yield loss in mungbean is associated with heat stress-induced oxidative damage and loss of photosynthetic capacity in proximal trifoliate leaf. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 55(4), 777–786.

Hanumantha Rao, B., Nair, R. M., & Nayyar, H. (2016). Salinity and high temperature tolerance in mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) from a physiological perspective. Frontiers in Plant Science, 7, Article 957. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00957

Harlan, J. R., & de Wet, J. M. J. (1971). Toward a rational classification of cultivated plants. Taxon, 20, 509–517.

Hawkes, J. G. (1983). The diversity of crop plants. Harvard University Press.

Heuzé, V., Tran, G., Bastianelli, D., & Lebas, F. (2015). Mungbean (Vigna radiata). Feedipedia (INRAE, CIRAD, AFZ & FAO). https://www.feedipedia.org/node/235

Heuzé, V., Tran, G., Boval, M., Bastianelli, D., Lebas, F., & Lessire, M. (2016). Black gram (Vigna mungo). Feedipedia (INRAE, CIRAD, AFZ & FAO). https://www.feedipedia.org/node/236

Hou, D., Yousaf, L., Xue, Y., Hu, J., Wu, J., Hu, X., & Shen, Q. (2019). Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.): Bioactive polyphenols, polysaccharides, peptides, and health benefits. Nutrients, 11(6), Article 1238. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11061238

Hu, H., Feng, N., Shen, X., Zhao, L., & Zheng, D. (2022). Transcriptomic analysis of Vigna radiata in response to chilling stress and uniconazole application. BMC Genomics, 23(1), Article 205. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-022-08377-0

Humphry, M. E., Lambrides, C. J., Chapman, S. C., Aitken, E. A. B., Imrie, B. C., Lawn, R. J., McIntyre, C. L., & Liu, C. J. (2005). Relationships between hard-seededness and seed weight in mungbean (Vigna radiata) assessed by QTL analysis. Plant Breeding, 124, 292–298.

ICAR–Indian Institute of Pulses Research. (2023). Annual report: AICRP on kharif pulses (2022–23). Indian Council of Agricultural Research.

ICAR–Indian Institute of Pulses Research. (2024). Annual report 2023–24. https://www.icar-iipr.org.in

ICAR–Indian Institute of Pulses Research. (n.d.). Gene bank: Germplasm holdings. https://www.icar-iipr.org.in/gene/

ICAR–Indian Institute of Pulses Research. (2023). Urdbean. https://www.icar-iipr.org.in/urdbean/

Iqbal, J., Shabbir, G., Shah, K. N., Fayyaz-ul-Hassan, & Qayyum, A. (2021). Deciphering genotype × environment interaction to identify stable heat-tolerant mungbean genotypes by GGE biplot analysis. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 21(3), 2551–2561.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-021-00531-3

Irfan, M., Bhat, M. A., Rashid, U., et al. (2025). Genetic diversity assessment and morpho-agronomic characterization of mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Walp.) germplasm using multivariate analysis. BMC Plant Biology, 25, Article 1514. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-025-07561-z

Ishimoto, M., & Kitamura, K. (1993). Inhibitory effects of adzuki bean weevil-resistant mungbean seeds on growth of the bean bug. Japanese Journal of Breeding, 43, 75–80.

Islam, M. R., Hamid, A., Karim, M. A., Haque, M. M., Khaliq, Q. A., & Ahmed, J. U. (2008). Gas exchange and yield responses of mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) genotypes differing in flooding tolerance. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 30(5), 697–707. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-008-0164-y

Jansen, P. C. M. (2006). Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper. In M. Brink & G. Belay (Eds.), Plant resources of tropical Africa 1: Cereals and pulses. PROTA Foundation.

Kaewwongwal, A., Kongjaimun, A., Somta, P., Chankaew, S., Yimram, T., & Srinives, P. (2015). Genetic diversity of the black gram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] gene pool as revealed by SSR markers. Breeding Science, 65, 127–137. https://doi.org/10.1270/jsbbs.65.127

Kajale, M. D. (1974). Ancient grains from India. Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute, 34, 55–74.

Kanade, R. S. (2006). Post harvest profile of black gram. Directorate of Marketing and Inspection, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India.

Kang, J. Y., Kim, S. K., & Kim, M. Y. (2014). Genome sequence of mungbean and insights into evolution within Vigna species. Nature Communications, 5, Article 5443. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms6443

Katiyar, P. K., Dixit, G. P., & Singh, B. B. (2010). Varietal characterization of urdbean. Journal of Food Legumes, 23(2), 106–109.

Katiyar, P. K., Singh, A., Singh, A. K., Tripathi, A., Lamichaney, A., Yadav, P., & Singh, N. P. (2017). Ancestral relationship of blackgram cultivars developed in India. Journal of Food Legumes, 30(4), 293–296.

Keatinge, J. D. H., Easdown, W. J., Yang, R. Y., Chadha, M. L., & Shanmugasundaram, S. (2011). Overcoming chronic malnutrition in a future warming world: The key importance of mungbean and vegetable soybean. Euphytica, 180, 129–141.

Khajudparn, P., Wongkaew, S., & Thipyapong, P. (2007). Identification of genes for resistance to powdery mildew in mungbean. African Crop Science Conference Proceedings, 8, 743–745.

Khattak, G. S. S., Haq, M. A., Ashraf, M., & Tahir, G. R. (2002). Triple test cross for some morphological traits in mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]. Euphytica, 126, 413–420.

Khattak, G. S. S., Haq, M. A., Rana, S. A., Srinives, P., & Ashraf, M. (1999). Inheritance of resistance to mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) in mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek). Thai Journal of Agricultural Science, 32, 49–54.

Kumar, R., Yadav, S., & Singh, P. (2023). CRISPR/Cas9 for mungbean improvement. Plant Biotechnology Journal, 21(5), 789–797.

Lambrides, C. J., Godwin, I. D., Lawn, R. J., & Imrie, B. C. (2004). Segregation distortion for seed testa colour in mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek). Journal of Heredity, 95, 532–535.

Lee, Y. B. (1980). Inheritance study on resistance to Cercospora leaf spot in mungbean. Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center.

Lukoki, L., Maréchal, R., & Otoul, E. (1980). Les ancêtres sauvages des haricots cultivés: Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek et Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique National de Belgique, 50, 385–391. https://doi.org/10.2307/3667837

Mahalingam, A., Satya, V. K., Manivannan, N., Narayanan, S. L., & Sathya, P. (2018). Inheritance of mungbean yellow mosaic virus disease resistance in greengram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 7(1), 880–885. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.701.107

Mahto, R. K., Ambika, S. C., Chandana, B. S., Singh, R. K., Verma, S., Gahlaut, V., et al. (2022). Chickpea biofortification via genome editing to enhance stress tolerance. Frontiers in Genetics, 13, Article 900324. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2022.900324

Maiti, S., Basak, J., Kundagrami, S., Kundu, A., & Pal, A. (2011). Molecular marker-assisted genotyping of MYMV-resistant germplasms in mungbean and urdbean. Molecular Biotechnology, 47(2), 95–104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12033-010-9314-1

Makeen, K., Abrahim, G., Jan, A., & Singh, A. K. (2007). Genetic variability and correlations studies on yield and its components in blackgram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper). Journal of Agronomy, 6, 216–222.

Manasa, L. S., Panigrahy, M., Panigrahi, K. C., Mishra, G., Panda, S. K., & Rout, G. R. (2023). Cold tolerance mechanisms in mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) genotypes during germination. Agriculture, 13(2), Article 315. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13020315

Maréchal, R., Mascherpa, J. M., & Stainier, F. (1978). Étude taxonomique d'un groupe complexe d'espèces des genres Phaseolus et Vigna (Papilionaceae). Boissiera, 28, 1–273.

Mehandi, S., Quatadah, S. M., Mishra, S. P., Singh, I. P., Praveen, N., & Dwivedi, N. (2019). Legume crops characterization and breeding for improved food security. In M. A. El-Esawi (Ed.), Legume crops: Characterization and breeding for improved food security. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.84483

Mehta, T. R., & Sahai, J. M. (1955). A review of breeding work on mung (Phaseolus aureus Roxb.) in Uttar Pradesh. Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, 6, 56–57.

Menancio-Hautea, D., Fatokun, C. A., Kumar, L., Danesh, D., & Young, N. D. (1993). Comparative genome analysis of mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) using RFLP mapping data. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 86(7), 797–810. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00226715

Mishra, G. P., Aski, M. S., Dikshit, H. K., Kohli, M., Gupta, S., Yadav, P. S., Tripathi, K., Kumar, P., Roy, J., & Nair, R. M. (2024). Mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek) breeding. In G. P. Dixit, H. K. Dikshit, G. P. Mishra, & M. S. Aski (Eds.), Fundamentals of legume breeding. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-7838-9_5

Mishra, R. C., Sahu, R. C., & Tripathy, D. (1970). A note on heterosis in greengram (Phaseolus aureus Roxb.). Current Science, 39, 190–191.

Mishra, S. P., & Asthana, A. N. (1996). Inheritance of yellow mosaic virus resistance in mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek). In A. N. Asthana & D. H. Kim (Eds.), Recent advances in mungbean research (pp. 214–219). Indian Society of Pulses Research.

Mishra, S. P., Asthana, A. N., & Yadav, L. (1988). Inheritance of Cercospora leaf spot resistance in mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek). Plant Breeding, 100, 228–229. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0523.1988.tb00245.x

Misra, A. N., Murmu, B., Singh, P., & Misra, M. (1996). Growth and proline accumulation in mungbean seedlings as affected by sodium chloride. Biologia Plantarum, 38(4), 531–536. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02896668

Mohan, S., Sheeba, A., Murugan, E., & Ibrahim, S. M. (2014). Screening of mungbean germplasm for resistance to mungbean yellow mosaic virus under natural conditions. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 7(7), 891.

Mukherjee, A., & Pradhan, K. (2002). Genetics of lobation in trifoliate leaf of mungbean. Perspectives in Cytology and Genetics, 11, 88.

Munns, R., & Tester, M. (2008). Mechanisms of salinity tolerance. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 59(1), 651–681. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092911

Murty, B. K., & Patel, G. J. (1973). Inheritance of some morphological characters in mungbean. Bansilal Amritlal College of Agriculture Magazine, 25, 1–9.

Nair, R. M., Chaudhari, S., & Somta, P. (2024). Genetics and breeding of mungbean. Frontiers in Plant Science, 14.

Nair, R. M., Chaudhari, S., Devi, N., Shivanna, A., Gowda, A., Boddepalli, V. N., Pradhan, H., Schafleitner, R., Jegadeesan, S., & Somta, P. (2024). Genetics, genomics, and breeding of black gram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper). Frontiers in Plant Science, 14, Article 1273363. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1273363

Nair, R. M., Pandey, A. K., War, A. R., Hanumantha Rao, B., Shwe, T., Alam, A. K. M. M., Pratap, A., Malik, S. R., Karimi, R., Mbeyagala, E. K., Douglas, C. A., Rane, J., & Schafleitner, R. (2019). Biotic and abiotic constraints in mungbean production-Progress in genetic improvement. Frontiers in Plant Science, 10, Article 1340. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.01340

Nair, R. M., Schafleitner, R., & Lee, S. H. (Eds.). (2020). The mungbean genome. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20008-4

Nair, R. M., Schafleitner, R., Kenyon, L., Srinivasan, R., Easdown, W., Ebert, A., & Hanson, P. (2019). Genetic improvement of mungbean. SABRAO Journal of Breeding and Genetics, 51(1), 1–20.

Nandini, R., S. B., M., Ambika, Rajagopal, A., & S., H. H. (2025). Resistance gene analogue-assisted screening for MYMV in mungbean genotypes. Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding, 85(4), 765–772.

Negi, K. S., & Muneem, K. C. (1998). Preliminary evaluation of black gram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper) germplasm of North-West Himalaya. Indian Journal of Hill Farming, 11, 19–23.

Nene, Y. L. (1973). A survey of viral diseases of pulse crops in Uttar Pradesh (Research Bulletin). G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology.

Pan, J., Sharif, R., Xu, X., & Chen, X. (2021). Mechanisms of waterlogging tolerance in plants: Research progress and prospects. Frontiers in Plant Science, 11, Article 627331. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.627331

Pandiyan, M., Senthil, N., Balaji, T., Veeramani, P., Savitha, B. K., Senthivel, V., et al. (2017). Studies on performance of drought-tolerant genotypes under drought and normal conditions through morpho-physiological and biochemical attributes of black gram (Vigna mungo L.) and green gram (Vigna radiata L.). International Journal of Current Advanced Research, 5(2), 489–496. https://doi.org/10.21474/IJAR01/3176

Pokle, Y. S. (1972). Spontaneous mutation in mung (Phaseolus aureus Roxb.). Science and Culture, 38, 142.

Prakash, M., Elangaimannan, R., Sunilkumar, B., & Narayanan, G. S. (2017). Evaluation of blackgram genotypes for drought tolerance based on root dynamics and gas exchange parameters. Legume Research, 41(3), 384–391.

Pratap, A., Chaturvedi, S. K., Tomar, R., Rajan, N., Malviya, N., Thudi, M., Saabale, P. R., Prajapati, U., Varshney, R. K., & Singh, N. P. (2017). Marker-assisted introgression of resistance to Fusarium wilt race 2 in Pusa 256, an elite cultivar of desi chickpea. Molecular Genetics and Genomics, 292(6), 1237–1245.

Pratap, A., Gupta, D. S., Singh, B. B., & Kumar, S. (2013). Development of super early genotypes in greengram (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek). Legume Research, 36, 105–110.

Pratap, A., Gupta, S., Tomar, R., Malviya, N., Maurya, R., Pandey, V. R., Mehandi, S., & Singh, N. P. (2016). Cross-genera amplification of informative microsatellite markers from common bean and scarlet runner bean for assessment of genetic diversity in mungbean (Vigna radiata). Plant Breeding, 135(4), 499–505.

Priya, M., Sharma, L., Kaur, R., Bindumadhava, H., Nair, R. M., Siddique, K. H. M., & Nayyar, H. (2019). GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) as a thermoprotectant to improve the reproductive function of heat-stressed mungbean plants. Scientific Reports, 9(1), Article 7788. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-44340-4

Rana, J. C., Gautam, N. K., Gayacharan, C., Singh, M., Yadav, R., Tripathi, K., et al. (2016). Genetic resources of pulse crops in India: An overview. Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding, 76, 420–436. https://doi.org/10.5958/0975-6906.2016.00061.4

Sadeghipour, O. (2009). The influence of water stress on biomass and harvest index in three mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek) cultivars. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, 8(3), 245–249.

Saha, P., Chatterjee, P., & Biswas, A. K. (2010). NaCl pretreatment alleviates salt stress by enhancement of antioxidant defense system and osmolyte accumulation in mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek). Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 48(6), 593–600.

Saini, R., & Jaiwal, P. K. (2005). Efficient transformation of Vigna mungo. Plant Cell Reports, 24, 164–171.

Saini, R., Jaiwal, S., & Jaiwal, P. K. (2003). Stable genetic transformation of Vigna mungo. Plant Cell Reports, 21(9), 851–859.

Sandhu, T. S., Brar, J. S., Sandhu, S. S., & Verma, M. M. (1985). Inheritance of resistance to mungbean yellow mosaic virus in greengram. Journal of Research, Punjab Agricultural University, 22, 607–611.

Santos, I. S. (1969). Induction of mutations in mungbean (Phaseolus aureus Roxb.) and genetic studies of some of the mutants. In E. Doyle (Ed.), Induced mutations in plants (pp. 169–179). International Atomic Energy Agency.

Sareen, P. K. (1985). Genetic analysis of the trilobate leaf mutants in mungbean (Vigna radiata var. aureus (L.) Wilczek). Current Science, 54, 930–931.

Sarkar, S., & Bhattacharya, S. (2014). Inheritance of bruchid resistance and morphological traits in greengram. Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding, 74(1), 98–102.

Schafleitner, R., Nair, R. M., Rathore, A., Wang, Y. W., Lin, C. Y., Chu, S. H., Lin, P. Y., Chang, J. C., & Ebert, A. W. (2015). The AVRDC–The World Vegetable Center mungbean (Vigna radiata) core and mini core collections. BMC Genomics, 16, Article 344. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-015-1556-7

Sehgal, A., Sita, K., Kadambot, H. M. S., Kumar, R., Sailaja, B., Varshney, R. K., et al. (2018). Drought or/and heat-stress effects on seed filling in food crops: Impacts on functional biochemistry, seed yields, and nutritional quality. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9, Article 1705. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.01705

Sehrawat, N., Bhat, K. V., Kaga, A., Tomooka, N., Yadav, M., & Jaiwal, P. K. (2014). Development of new gene-specific markers associated with salt tolerance for mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek). Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 12(3), 732–741. https://doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2014123-4843

Sen Gupta, D., Katiyar, P. K., Kumar, J., Kumar, A., Gupta, S., & Singh, N. P. (2020). Development of extra early urdbean genotypes using intra-specific hybridization. Journal of Food Legumes, 33(1), 56–57.

Setter, T. L., Waters, I., Sharma, S. K., Singh, K. N., Kulshreshtha, N., Yaduvanshi, N. P. S., et al. (2009). Review of wheat improvement for waterlogging tolerance in Australia and India: The importance of anaerobiosis and element toxicities associated with different soils. Annals of Botany, 103(2), 221–235.

Shanmugasundaram, S., Keatinge, J. D. H., & Hughes, J. (2010). The mungbean transformation. Agricultural Development, 8, 381.

Sharma, L., Priya, M., Bindumadhava, H., Nair, R. M., & Nayyar, H. (2016). Influence of high temperature stress on growth, phenology, and yield performance of mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) under managed growth conditions. Scientia Horticulturae, 213, 379–386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2016.11.005

Sharma, S., Mittal, R. K., Chaudhary, H. K., & Sood, V. K. (2022). Introgression of disease resistance in urdbean (Vigna mungo) by involving its related species. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 92(11), 1348–1352. https://doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v92i11.124619

Shukla, G. P., & Pandya, B. P. (1985). Resistance to yellow mosaic in greengram. SABRAO Journal of Plant Breeding, 17, 165–171.

Siemonsma, J. S., & Lampang, A. N. (2016). Vigna radiata (PROSEA). Plant Resources of South-East Asia. https://uses.plantnet-project.org/en/Vigna_radiata_(PROSEA)

Singh, A. K., & Singh, B. B. (1988). Inheritance of resistance to powdery mildew in blackgram. Indian Phytopathology, 41, 602–604.

Singh, A., & Patel, P. N. (1977). Studies on resistance in crops to bacterial diseases in India. Part VIII. Investigations on inheritance of reactions to bacterial leaf spot and yellow mosaic diseases and linkage, if any, with other characters in mungbean. Indian Phytopathology, 30, 202–206.

Singh, B. B., & Singh, D. P. (1995). Inheritance of a small leaf mutant in mungbean. Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding, 55, 69–70.

Singh, C., Kumar, R., Sehgal, H., Bhati, S., Singhal, T., Gayacharan, et al. (2023). Genomics and gene editing in chickpea. Frontiers in Genetics, 14.

Singh, D. P. (1980). Note on the inheritance of lobed leaf in greengram. Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding, 40, 608–609.

Singh, D. P. (1982). Genetics and breeding of blackgram and greengram (Research Bulletin No. 109). G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology.

Singh, D. P. (1983). A high-yielding mungbean variety through mutation breeding. Mutation Breeding Newsletter, 22, 1–2.

Singh, D. P. (2014). Genetics and breeding of pulse crops (3rd ed.). Kalyani Publishers.

Singh, D. P., Singh, B. B., & Pratap, A. (2016). Genetic improvement of mungbean and urdbean and their role in enhancing pulse production in India. Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding, 76(4), 550–567.

Singh, H. B., Joshi, B. S., Chandel, K. P. S., Pant, K. C., & Saxena, R. K. (1974). Genetic diversity in some Asiatic Phaseolus species and its conservation. Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding, 34, 52–57.

Singh, M., Singh, D. P., & Rani, S. (2008). Inheritance of resistance to Cercospora leaf spot (CLS) in mungbean. International Journal of Tropical Agriculture, 17(3–4), 187–189.

Singh, N., Singh, H., & Nagarajan, P. (2013). Development of SSR markers in mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) using in silico methods. Journal of Crop and Weed, 9(1), 69–74.

Singh, P., Pandey, B., Pratap, A., Gyaneshwari, U., Nair, R. M., Mishra, A. K., & Singh, C. M. (2022). Genetic and genomics resources of cross-species Vigna gene pools for improving biotic stress resistance in mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek). Agronomy, 12(12), Article 3000. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12123000

Singh, S. K., Singh, C. M., & Kumar, R. (2015). Inheritance and screening for Cercospora leaf spot resistance in blackgram. Legume Research, 38, 516–520. https://doi.org/10.18805/lr.v38i4.1787

Singh, S., & Bains, T. S. (2006). Wide hybridization in Vigna. In M. Ali & S. Kumar (Eds.), Advances in mungbean and urdbean (pp. 169–186). Indian Institute of Pulses Research.

Singh, T. P., & Singh, K. B. (1970). Inheritance of clusters per node in mungbean (Phaseolus aureus Roxb.). Current Science, 39, 265.

Singh, V., & Bell, M. (2021). Genotypic variability in architectural development of mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) root systems and physiological relationships with shoot growth dynamics. Frontiers in Plant Science, 12, Article 725915. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.725915

Sinha, M. K., Aski, M. S., Mishra, G. P., Kumar, M. B. A., Yadav, P. S., Tokas, J. P., et al. (2023). GWAS for micronutrients in mungbean. Frontiers in Nutrition, 10, Article 1099004.

Smartt, J. (1981). Gene pools in Phaseolus and Vigna cultigens. Euphytica, 30, 445–459.

Solanki, R. K., Gill, R. K., Verma, P., & Singh, S. (2011). Mutation breeding in pulses: An overview. In Breeding of pulse crops (pp. 85–103). Kalyani Publishers.

Somta, C., Somta, P., Tomooka, N., Ooi, P. C., Vaughan, D. A., & Srinives, P. (2008). Characterization of new sources of mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) resistance to bruchids, Callosobruchus spp. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Journal of Stored Products Research, 44(4), 316–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2008.01.002

Somta, P., Ammaranan, C., Ooi, P. A. C., & Srinives, P. (2007). Inheritance of seed resistance to bruchids in cultivated mungbean and related Vigna species. Euphytica, 155, 47–55.

Somta, P., Chen, J., Yundaeng, C., Yuan, X., Yimram, T., Tomooka, N., et al. (2019). SNP-based linkage map in black gram. Scientific Reports, 9, 1–9.

Sorajjapinun, W., Rewthongchum, S., Koizumi, M., & Srinives, P. (2005). Quantitative inheritance of resistance to powdery mildew disease in mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek). SABRAO Journal of Breeding and Genetics, 37, 91–96.

Souframanien, J., & Gopalakrishna, T. (2006). Molecular marker-assisted characterization of powdery mildew resistance in blackgram and related Vigna species. Journal of Food Legumes, 19, 53–56.

Souframanien, J., Raizada, A., Dhanasekar, P., & Suprasanna, P. (2021). Draft genome of black gram. Scientific Reports, 11, Article 11247.

Swindell, R. E., & Poehlman, J. M. (1978). Inheritance of photoperiod response in mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek). Euphytica, 27, 325–333. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00043167

Takahashi, Y., & Tomooka, N. (2020). Taxonomy of mungbean and its relatives. In R. M. Nair, R. Schafleitner, & S. H. Lee (Eds.), The mungbean genome (pp. 27–41). Springer.

Talakayala, A., Mekala, G. K., Reddy, M. K., Ankanagari, S., & Garladinne, M. (2022). CRISPR/Cas9-mediated resistance to MYMV. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 6, Article 911574. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2022.911574

Talukdar, D., & Talukdar, T. (2003). Inheritance of growth habit and leaf shape in mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek). Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding, 63(2), 165–166.

Tamilzharasi, M., Vanniarajan, C., & Souframanien, J. (2019). MYMV resistance in mungbean. Legume Research, 43(5), 728–734.

Tardieu, F., Simonneau, T., & Muller, B. (2018). The physiological basis of drought tolerance. Journal of Experimental Botany, 69(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erx330

Thakare, R. G., Gadgil, J. D., & Mitra, R. (1988). Origin and evolution of seed protein genes in Vigna mungo and Vigna radiata. In Mungbean: Proceedings of the Second International Symposium (pp. 47–52). Asian Vegetable Research and Development Centre.

Thakur, R. P., Patel, P. N., & Verma, J. P. (1977a). Studies on resistance in crops to bacterial diseases in India. XI. Genetic make-up of mungbean differentials of the races of bacterial leaf spot pathogen, Xanthomonas spp. Indian Phytopathology, 30, 217–221.

Thakur, R. P., Patel, P. N., & Verma, J. P. (1977b). Genetic relationships between reactions to bacterial leaf spot, yellow mosaic, and Cercospora leaf spot diseases in mungbean (Vigna radiata). Euphytica, 26, 765–774. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00021708

Thakur, R. P., Patel, P. N., & Verma, J. P. (1977c). Independent assortment of pigmentation and resistance to Cercospora leaf spot in mungbean. Indian Phytopathology, 30, 264–265.

Thakur, R. P., Patel, P. N., & Verma, J. P. (1980). Inheritance of resistance to Cercospora leaf spot in mungbean. Indian Phytopathology, 33, 377–379.

Thamodhran, G., Geetha, S., & Ramalingam, A. (2016). Genetic study in urdbean (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper) for inheritance of mungbean yellow mosaic virus resistance. International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Biotechnology, 9(1), 33–37. https://doi.org/10.5958/2230-732X.2016.00005.5

Tickoo, J. L., Lal, S. K., Chandra, N., & Dikshit, H. K. (2006). Mungbean breeding. In M. Ali & S. Kumar (Eds.), Advances in mungbean and urdbean (pp. 110–148). Indian Institute of Pulses Research.

Tomooka, N. (1992). Genetic diversity and landrace differentiation of mungbean, Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek, and evaluation of its wild relatives (subgenus Ceratotropis) as breeding materials. Tropical Agriculture Research Center.

Tomooka, N., Kashiwaba, K., Vaughan, D. A., Ishimoto, M., & Egawa, Y. (2000). The effectiveness of evaluating wild species: Searching for sources of resistance to bruchid beetles in the genus Vigna subgenus Ceratotropis. Euphytica, 115, 27–41. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1003906715119

Tomooka, N., Lairungreang, C., Nakeeraks, P., Egawa, Y., & Thavarasook, C. (1991). Center of genetic diversity, dissemination pathways and landrace differentiation in mungbean. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 81, 853–863.

Uprety, D., & Bhatia, A. (1989). Effect of water stress on photosynthesis, productivity, and water status of mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek). Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 163(2), 115–123. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-037X.1989.tb00741.x

van Rheenen, H. A. (1965). The inheritance of some characters in the mungbean, Phaseolus aureus Roxb. Genetica, 36, 412–419. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01507406

Vavilov, N. I. (1926). Studies on the origin of cultivated plants. Institute of Applied Botany and Plant Breeding.

Verma, S. K., Singh, C. K., Taunk, J., Gayacharan, Joshi, D. C., Kalia, S., Dey, N., & Singh, A. K. (2022). Vignette of Vigna domestication: From archives to genomics. Frontiers in Genetics, 13, Article 960200. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2022.960200

Verma, S. N. P., & Krishi, J. N. (1969). Inheritance of some qualitative characters in greengram (Phaseolus aureus Roxb.). Indian Journal of Heredity, 1, 105–106.

Wahid, A., Hameed, M., & Rasul, E. (2004). Salt-induced injury symptoms, changes in nutrient and pigment composition and yield characteristics of mungbean. International Journal of Agriculture & Biology, 6(6), 1143–1152.

Yadav, A. K., & Prasad, P. V. V. (2022). Impacts, tolerance, adaptation, and mitigation of heat stress on wheat under changing climates. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(5), Article 2838. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23052838

Yadav, I. C., Chand, J. N., & Saharan, G. S. (1981). Inheritance of resistance in mungbean to bacterial leaf spot. In J. C. Lozano (Ed.), Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Plant Pathogenic Bacteria (pp. 580–583).

Yohe, J. M., & Poehlman, J. M. (1975). Regression, correlations, and combining ability in mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek). Tropical Agriculture, 52, 343–352.

Young, N. D., Danesh, D., Menancio-Hautea, D., & Kumar, L. (1993). Mapping oligogenic resistance to powdery mildew in mungbean with RFLPs. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 87, 243–249. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00223772

Zeven, A. C., & Zhukovsky, P. M. (1975). Dictionary of cultivated plants and their centres of diversity. PUDOC.