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Editorial Book
PAID ACCESS | Published on : 29-May-2024 | Pages: 36-54 |
Plants are regularly exposing to fluctuating ecological variations which challenge their scaling, advancement, and efficiency. To survive and adapt, they have to evolve advanced mechanisms for stress perception, signal transduction, and downstream adaptive response. Stress signals are initially sensed at the cellular level transfer through membrane-bound receptors, receptor-like kinases, and ion channels, which trigger rapid intracellular signalling events. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and calcium ions (Ca2+) are secondary messengers generate specific signalling signatures that are decoded by sensor proteins and kinase cascades. These early signals are further coordinated through complex phytohormonal networks involving jasmonic acid, ethylene, abscisic acid, and salicylic acid, allowing responses. Signal amplification and transmission are mediated by specified pathways such as (MAPK) Mitogen- activated protein kinase signalling modules transfer information to the nucleus, where they trigger transcription factors and large-scale reprogramming of gene expression. This leads to the synthesis of protective molecules, including osmolytes, antioxidants, molecular chaperons, and stress-associated proteins, which collectively maintain cellular homeostasis and structural integrity. In addition, epigenetic regulation and transcriptomic adjustments provide further layers of control, enabling both immediate and longer-term acclimation. The combination of these biochemical, molecular, and physiological processes forms a dynamic and interconnected network that enables crops to maintain growth and defense under adverse stress conditions. Understanding these dynamics paves the way for creating stress-tolerant varieties and advancing sustainable cultural practices during changing environmental challenges.
Proteomics, stress-responsive proteins, post-translational modifications
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