PAID ACCESS | Published on : 06-Jan-2026 | Pages: 5-10 | Doi : 10.37446/edibook222025/5-10
Soil is a dynamic terrestrial body on the Earth's surface that consists of loose rock fragments and organic matter and is vital for agriculture, construction, and ecology. Its nature and composition influence vegetation growth and ecological sustainability. Soil definitions differ: Whitney views it as a reservoir of nutrients; Hilgard stresses its loose nature that accommodates roots; Dokuchaev refers to it as a mineral-organic body with definite origin; Jenny emphasizes molding factors; and Joffe stresses its layered nature. Recognized as a medium of plant growth, soil is conditioned by climate and topography and made up of altered parent material, which the Soil Science Society of America defines as a natural medium of growth molded by genetic and environmental factors. Soil Taxonomy classifies it as solids, liquids, and gases with horizons that can sustain rooted plants. Soil functions are nutrient cycling, water regulation, and support of biodiversity. Its solid phase includes organic and inorganic content; common surface loam soil has 50% pore space air/water, 45% minerals, and 5% organic matter. Profiles of soil have a clear horizon determined by climate, vegetation, and biological activity focused in 1-3 meters.
Soil taxonomy, biological activity, vegetation growth, ecological sustainability
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