Cereal crops, also known as grain crops are belonging to monocot plants under the family Poaceae. In the Indian diet, Cereal crops are the primary ingredient of food. In India as well as West Bengal a large number of Hemipteran insect species act as pest of cereals crops that decrease its production. The top five cereals in the world ranked on the basis of production tonnage are maize (corn), rice (paddy), wheat, barley, and sorghum. Some of the most economically important hemipteran pests of Cereal crops in India as well as West Bengal include aphids (Aphididae), mealybug (Pseudococcidae), stinkbugs (Pentatomidae), earhead bug (Alydidae), leafhopper (Cicadellidae) and plant hopper (Delphacidae), among various others. In this chapter a checklist of hemipteran pest of cereals crops, viz., maize (corn), rice (paddy) and wheat are provided along with the biology of selected hemipteran pests.
Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) have emerged as vital components of sustainable crop protection strategies, offering an eco-friendly alternative to synthetic agrochemicals. These beneficial microorganisms colonize the rhizosphere and suppress a wide range of phytopathogens through diverse mechanisms including the production of antimicrobial compounds, competition for nutrients and ecological niches, degradation of virulence factors, and induction of systemic resistance in host plants. PGPR not only promote plant health but also contribute to improved soil fertility and ecological balance. This chapter comprehensively explores the multifaceted roles of PGPR in suppressing bacterial, fungal, and nematode pathogens, with emphasis on recent advances in molecular insights, formulation technologies, and successful integration into farming practices. Challenges such as variability in field efficacy, formulation stability, and regulatory hurdles are discussed alongside emerging solutions and future directions for large-scale commercialization. Overall, PGPR represent a cornerstone of the transition toward climate-resilient, low-input, and biologically-integrated agriculture.