Fruit flies belonging to the family Tephritidae of the order Diptera are one among the significant quarantine pests. Management strategies are well established for historically notable species like Ceratitis capitata Wied., Anastrepha ludens Loew, Anastrepha suspensa Loew, Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel, and others. Effective pest management begins with preventive approaches including quarantine measures to prevent the entry, spread and establishment, field sanitation by removing ripe fruits from the ground or trees, fruit bagging, and early harvesting. Curative techniques involve the use of insecticides either alone or in combination with other strategies. Biological control methods using predators, parasitoids, and pathogens serve as both preventive and curative approaches. Advanced methods like sterile insect technique, male annihilation technique, bait application technique, and thermal screening for damage detection are gaining popularity. Despite these numerous strategies, tephritid flies remain a major threat due to their polyphagous nature, high reproductive capacity, dispersal ability, and adaptability. Therefore, integrating reliable and efficient practices in a compatible manner is crucial for the effective management of fruit fly species.
Fruit flies, Bactrocera, Management, Fruit crop, Quarantine, Bait
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