Sorghum, known for its resilience and high nutritional value, is a crucial millet that plays a vital role in ensuring global food security. India is a significant contributor to the world's sorghum production. Despite this, the cultivation of sorghum faces numerous challenges due to the presence of various insect pests that can cause substantial yield losses and affect the quality of the harvested crops. To address these issues effectively, the implementation of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies is imperative. In this chapter, a detailed account of the primary insect pests infesting sorghum in India is presented, highlighting their biology and nature of damage. Furthermore, the chapter emphasizes the diverse array of IPM techniques that can be employed to combat these pests, encompassing cultural, mechanical, biological control practices and judicious use of chemical pesticides. By equipping farmers with the knowledge and tools necessary to apply these strategies, sustainable sorghum production can be safeguarded, enhancing both productivity and crop quality in the long term.
Sorghum bicolor, IPM, natural enemies, arthropod pests, Fall armyworm
AICSIP. (1979). Progress Report 1978-79. All India Coordinated Sorghum Improvement Project. ICAR and Cooperative Agencies, New Delhi, India.
Bakari, H., Djomdi, Ruben, Z. F., Roger, D. D., Cedric, D., Guillaume, P., Pascal, D., Philippe, M., & Gwendoline, C. (2023). Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) and its main parts (by-products) as promising sustainable sources of value-added ingredients. Waste and Biomass Valorization, 14(4), 1023-1044.
Baker, G. H., & Tann, C. R. (2020). Long‐term changes and host plant differences in the incidence of parasitoids attacking Helicoverpa spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in agricultural landscapes in eastern Australia. Austral Entomology, 59(2), 386-397.
Balikai, R. A., & Bhagwat, V. R. (2010). Evaluation of integrated pest managment components for the management of shoot fly, shoot bug and aphid in rabi sorghum. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 22(3).
Balikai, R., Kambrekar, D., Natikar, P. K., & Anaji, R. (2017). Bio-ecology and management of shoot bug, Peregrinus maidis (Ashmead) On sorghum and maize- a review. Biochemical and Cellular Archives, 17, 27-40.
Brewer, M. J., Gordy, J. W., Kerns, D. L., Woolley, J. B., Rooney, W. L., & Bowling, R. D. (2017). Sugarcane aphid population growth, plant injury, and natural enemies on selected grain sorghum hybrids in Texas and Louisiana. Journal of economic entomology, 110(5), 2109-2118.
Caballero, P., Alamo, S., Vargas‐Osuna, E., Santiago‐Alvarez, C., & Lipa, J. J. (1993). Biology of Cotesia (Apanteles) telengai (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on its natural host Agrotis segetum (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Biocontrol Science and Technology, 3(4), 481-489.
Chava, N. R., Nebapure, S. M., & Thakur, S. (2023). Chapter- 3. Pests and Diseases of Millets. Pest Management Strategies in Pulses and Cereal Crops.
Chelliah, S., & Basheer, M. (1966). Biological studies of Peregrinus maidis (Asbmead)(Araeopidae: Homoptera) on sorghum.
Chohan, S., Perveen, R., & Tahir, M. (2020). Cotton Production and Uses. In: Ahmad Shakeel, Hasanuzzaman M (editors). Cotton Production and Uses. pp. 239–270.
Collins, A., Santhakumar, A. B., Francis, N., Blanchard, C., & Chinkwo, K. (2024). Impact of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) phenolic compounds on cancer development pathways. Food Bioscience, 104177.
Devananda, K. M., Khanpara, A. V., & Vaja, A. M. (2018). Bio efficacy of various insecticides against maize stem borer Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) Crambidae: Lepidoptera in Junagadh conditions. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 7(4), 2011-2014.
Dharavath, S., Karabhantanal, S. S., & Jagginavar, D. S. (2023). Natural Enemies Associated with Sorghum Shoot Bug Peregrinus maidis (Ashmead). Indian Journal of Entomology, 85(1): 257-259.
Divya, K., Marulasiddesha, K. N., Krupanidhi, K., & Sankar, M. (2009). Population dynamics of spotted stem borer, Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) and its interaction with natural enemies in sorghum. Indian Journal of Science and technology, 3(1), 70-74.
DPPQS. (2024). Major uses of pesticides (Registered under the Insecticides Act, 1968) (upto - 31/03/2024). Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage Central Insecticide Board & Registration Committee, N.H.-IV, Faridabad-121 001 (Haryana).
Edde, P. A. (2022). 1 - Arthropod pests of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). Field Crop Arthropod Pests of Economic Importance. Pp-2-73.
FAO. 2023. Special report − 2022 FAO Crop and Food Supply Assessment Mission (CFSAM) to the Republic of the Sudan. CFSAMs Special Reports, 20 March 2023. Rome.
Fisk J. (1980). Effect of HCN, phenolic acids and related compounds in Sorghum bicolor on the feeding behaviour of the planthopper, Peregrinus maidis. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 27, 211-222.
Ganehiarachchi, G. A. S. M., & Fernando, I. V. S. (2000). Natural enemies of sugarcane Planthopper Pyrilla perpusilla Walker (Homoptera: Lophopidae).
Ghorpade, P. (1983). The hoverfly, Allograpta javana (Wiedermann) predacious on jowar shoot bug, Peregrinus maidis (Ashmed) together with is recorded hosts from India. Sci & Cult, 39, 400.
Godhani, H. S., & Shukla, A. S. (2014). Feeding potential of Stethorus pauperculus (Weise) (Coccinellidae: Coleoptera) on tetranychid mites.
Hewlett, J. A., Szczepaniec, A., & Eubanks, M. D. (2019). The effects of sugarcane aphid density in sorghum on predation by lady beetles and lace wings. Biol Control, 129:171–177.
Hossain, M. S., Islam, M. N., Rahman, M. M., Mostofa, M. G., & Khan, M. A. R. (2022). Sorghum: A prospective crop for climatic vulnerability, food and nutritional security. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 8, 100300.
IIMR, (2022). AICRP on Sorghum Report, 2022.
Jotwani, M.G. (1983). Losses due to shoot fly in high yielding sorghum cultivars, in Crop Losses Due to Insect Pests, Special Issue of Indian Journal of Entomology (Krishnamurthy Rao, B.H. & Murthy, K.S.R.K., Eds), Entomological Society of India, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, India, pp. 213 220.
Kalaisekar, A., Padmaja, P. G., Bhagwat, V. R., & Patil, J. V. (2017). Pest Management Strategies and Technologies. Insect Pests of Millets, 143–183.
Kumar, L.V., Prabhuraj, A. & Navyashree, K. (2005). An ecto-parasitic mite on sorghum shoot bug, Perigrinus maidis (Ashmead) (Homoptera: Delphacidae). Insect Environment 11, 74–75.
Kumar, R., & Alam, T. (2017). Bio-efficacy of some newer insecticides against maize stem borer, Chilo partellus (Swinhoe). Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 5(6), 1347-1351.
Lu, Z., Li, Z., Lu, Z., Li, J., Yang, Y., Zhang, Q., & Liu, X. (2017). Interaction between endoparasitoid Microplitis mediator (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and nucleopolyhedrovirus in larvae of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Biological Control, 115, 152-156.
Mahato, S., & Mahankuda, B. (2024). Strategies for their Management. Millets and Other Potential Crops: Ensuring Climate Resilience and Nutritional Security, 203.
Maxson, E. L., Brewer, M. J., Rooney, W. L., & Woolley, J. B. (2019). Species composition and abundance of the natural enemies of sugarcane aphid, Melanaphis sacchari (Zehnter) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), on sorghum in Texas. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 121(4), 657-680.
Mooventhan, P., Murali Baskaran, R. K., Sridhar, J., Kaushal, P., & Kumar, J. (2019). Technical Bulletin: Integrated Management of Fall Armyworm in Maize. ICAR National Institute of Biotic Stress Management.1-24.
Nataraja, M. V., Kuldeep, S. J., Dutta, R., & Savalia, S. D. White Grubs and Their Management in Groundnut. ICAR-Directorate of Groundnut Research.
NIPHM. (2014). AESA Based IPM- Sorghum, DPPQS, 2014.
Obour, A. K., Holman, J. D., & Assefa, Y. (2022). Grain sorghum productivity is affected by nitrogen rates and available soil water. Crop Science, 62(3), 1360-1372.
Olayemi, O. O., Clint, A. K., & VP, R. G. (2021). Biology, ecology, and management of key sorghum insect pests.
Patil, S. P., & Bagde, A. S. (2017). Effect of new molecules of insecticides on shoot fly (Atherigona soccata)(Rondani) incidence and grain yield of sorghum. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci, 6, 2751-2754.
Pawar, C. S., Bhatnagar, V. S., & Jadhav, D. R. (1989). Helicoverpa on sorghum. Indian Journal of Entomology, 51(4), 416-421.
Phukon, M., Gogoi, I., Bhagawati, S., Das, P. G., Borah, R. K., Sarmah, K., & Kumar, M. S. (2023). Millet-A Brief Review on its's Insect pests and Their Management strategies in Indian Continent. Agricultural Mechanization in Asia, Africa and Latin America, 54(8):1-11.
Prajapati, J. N., Shukla, A., & Surani, P. M. (2022). Evaluation of entomopathogenic fungi against sorghum mite, Oligonychus indicus Hirst. Journal of Experimental Zoology India, 25(1).
Prasad, G. S., Stanley, J., Babu, K. S., Subbarayudu, B., & Kalaisekar, A. (2020). Major Pests: Status, Approaches, and Strategies for Management. Sorghum in the 21st Century: Food–Fodder–Feed–Fuel for a Rapidly Changing World, 539-563.
Prasad, G. S., Stanley, J., Babu, K. S., Subbarayudu, B., & Kalaisekar, A. (2020). Major Pests: Status, Approaches, and Strategies for Management. Sorghum in the 21st century: Food, fodder, feed, fuel for a rapidly changing world. Singapore: Springer.
Pratissoli, D., Lima, V. L., Pirovani, V. D., & Lima, W. L. (2015). Occurrence of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on tomato in the Espírito Santo state. Horticultura brasileira, 33, 101-105.
Rawat, R. R., & Modi, B. N. (1969). New host records of predacious bug, Geocoris tricolor Fabr. (Lygaeidae: Heteroptera) from India. Indian J. Entomol. 31, 74.
Rawat, R. R., & Saxena, D. K. (1967). Studies on the bionomics of Peregrinus maidis (Ashmead) (Homoptera: Araeopidae). JNKVV Res. J. 1, 64.
Reddy, P. S., & Reddy, B. V. (2022). Phenotyping in Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) M oench). Ravikesavan, R., Sivamurugan, AP, Iyanar, K., Pramitha, JL, & Nirmalakumari, A, 23-47.
Reddy, S. & Patil, J. V. (2015). Genetic enhancement of rabi sorghum: adapting the Indian Durras. Academic Press.
Revathi, N., Ravikumar, G., Kalaiselvi, M., Gomathi, D., & Uma, C. (2011). Pathogenicity of three entomopathogenic fungi against Helicoverpa armigera. J. Plant Pathol. Microbiol, 2(4), 1-4.
Sethuraman, V., & Narayanan, K. (2010). Biological activity of nucleopolyhedrovirus isolated from Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in India. Asian Journal of Experimental Biological Sciences, 1, 325-330.
Sharanabasappa, S., Kalleshwaraswamy, C. M., Poorani, J., Maruthi, M. S., Pavithra, H. B., & Diraviam, J. (2019). Natural enemies of Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a recent invasive pest on maize in South India. The Florida Entomologist, 102(3), 619-623.
Shiferaw, B., Smale, M., Braun, H. J., Duveiller, E., Reynolds, M., & Muricho, G. (2013). Crops that feed the world 10. Past successes and future challenges to the role played by wheat in global food security. Food security, 5, 291-317.
Shivhare, R., Singh, U. C., Naveen, B. K., & Kumar, N. (2022). Seasonal incidence of major insect pest’s complex of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor L. (Moench)]. The Pharma Innovation Journal, 11(4), 1670-1673.
Shylesha, A. N., Jalali, S. K., Gupta, A., Varshney, R., Venkatesan, T., Shetty, P., & Raghavendra, A. (2018). Studies on new invasive pest Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and its natural enemies. Journal of Biological control, 32(3), 1-7.
Singh, B. U., & Seetharama, N. (2008). Host plant interactions of the corn planthopper, Peregrinus maidis Ashm. (Homoptera: Delphacidae) in maize and sorghum agroecosystems. Arthropod-Plant Interactions 2, 163-196.
Singh, B. U., & Sharma, H. C. (2002). Natural enemies of sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata Rondani (Diptera: Muscidae). Biocontrol Science and Technology, 12(3), 307-323.
Singh, B., Kumar, N., & Kumar, H. (2017). Seasonal incidence and management of sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata Rondani-a review. Forage Research, 42, 218-224.
Singh, S. K., Sinha, B. K., & Jamwal, B. S. (2010). Management of gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) by intercropping and monitoring through pheromone traps in chickpea. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 22(3).
Singh, S. P., Rao, N. S., & Henneberry, T. J. (1993). Leafhoppers and their natural enemies, Vol 6. Tech. Bull. (Project Directorate of Biological Control, ICAR, India). p. 65.
Sufyan, M., Abbasi, A., Wakil, W., Gogi, M. D., Arshad, M., Nawaz, A., & Shabbir, Z. (2019). Efficacy of Beauveria bassiana and Bacillus thuringiensis against maize stem borer Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Gesunde Pflanzen, 71(3), 197-204.
Swathi, M., Madhumathi, T., & Kumar, P. A. (2023). Effect of botanicals on fall armyworm and predators in sorghum ecosystem. International Journal of Bio-resource and Stress Management, 14(Nov, 11), 1512-1517.
Taley, Y.M. & Thakare, K.R. (1979) Biology of seven new hymenopterous parasitoids of Atherigona soccata (Rondani). Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 49, 344-354.
Taylor, J. R., & Kruger, J. (2019). Sorghum and millets: Food and beverage nutritional attributes. In Sorghum and millets (pp. 171-224). AACC International Press.
Tonapi, V. A., Talwar, H. S., Are, A. K., Bhat, B. V., Reddy, C. R., & Dalton, T. J. (2020). Sorghum in the 21st century: Food, fodder, feed, fuel for a rapidly changing world. Singapore: Springer.
Tsai, J. H. (1996). Development and oviposition of Peregrinus maidis (Homoptera: Delphacidae) on various host plants. Florida Entomologist, 19-19.
Vasquez, A., Belsky, J., Khanal, N., Puri, H., Balakrishnan, D., Joshi, N. K., ... & Kariyat, R. (2024). Melanaphis sacchari/sorghi complex: current status, challenges and integrated strategies for managing the invasive sap‐feeding insect pest of sorghum. Pest Management Science.
Vasquez, A., Belsky, J., Khanal, N., Puri, H., Balakrishnan, D., Joshi, N. K., ... & Kariyat, R. (2024). Melanaphis sacchari/sorghi complex: current status, challenges and integrated strategies for managing the invasive sap‐feeding insect pest of sorghum. Pest Management Science. doi: 10.1002/ps.8291.
Wable, C. S. (2004). Effect of Endosulfan Sprays on Incidence of Gram Pod Borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) on Chickpea. Doctoral dissertation, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri.
Yadav, S. P. S., Lahutiya, V., & Paudel, P. (2022). A review on the biology, ecology, and management tactics of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, 10(12), 2467-2476.
Zongo, J. O., Vincent, C., & Stewart, R. K. (1993). Effects of Intercropping Sorghum-Cowpea on Natural Enemies of the Sorghum Shoot Fly, Atherigona soccata (Diptera: Muscidae), in Burkina Faso. Biological Agriculture & Horticulture, 9(3), 201–213.
